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Thermal management in electric vehicle batteries is a critical factor in ensuring optimal performance, longevity, and safety. Most EV batteries, particularly lithium-ion types, are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Their performance and safety depend on maintaining an ideal operating temperature, typically between 15°C and 35°C. Operating outside this range can lead to reduced efficiency, faster degradation, and increased safety risks such as thermal runaway. As a result, manufacturers and researchers are prioritizing the development of advanced thermal management systems to meet the growing demands of the EV industry.

Thermal management involves regulating battery temperature using both active and passive systems. Active systems rely on external energy inputs to maintain temperature control and include liquid cooling, air cooling, and phase-change materials. Liquid cooling is one of the most effective methods. In this approach, coolant circulates through channels next to the battery cells, absorbing excess heat and dissipating it through heat exchangers. Its high thermal conductivity ensures even temperature distribution, which is essential for preventing localized overheating. Air cooling, while less complex and lighter, is also less efficient and is typically used in smaller EVs or hybrid vehicles. PCMs are emerging as a promising solution. These materials absorb heat during phase transitions to stabilize temperature without the need for additional energy input.

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